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Chinook Jargon (also known as chinuk wawa) originated as a pidgin trade language of the Pacific Northwest, and spread during the 19th century from the lower Columbia River, first to other areas in modern Oregon and Washington, then British Columbia and as far as Alaska and Yukon Territory, sometimes taking on characteristics of a creole language. It is related to, but not the same as, the aboriginal language of the Chinook people, upon which much of its vocabulary is based.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Chinook Jargon )〕 Many words from Chinook Jargon remain in common use in the Western United States and British Columbia and the Yukon, in indigenous languages as well as regional English usage,〔Dillard, Joey Lee. 1985. Toward a social history of American English, pp. 146-147〕 to the point where most people are unaware the word was originally from the Jargon. The total number of Jargon words in published lexicons numbered only in the hundreds, and so it was easy to learn.〔http://content.lib.washington.edu/curriculumpackets/treaties/Chinook_Dictionary_Abridged.pdf〕 It has its own grammatical system, but a very simple one that, like its word list, was easy to learn. The consonant 'r' is rare though existent in Chinook Jargon, and English and French loan words, such as 'rice' and 'merci', have changed in their adoption to the Jargon, to 'lice' and 'mahsie', respectively. ==Overview and history== The Jargon was originally constructed from a great variety of Amerind words of the Pacific Northwest, arising as an intra-indigenous contact language in a region marked by divisive geography and intense linguistic diversity. The participating peoples came from a number of very distinct language families, speaking dozens of individual languages.〔Holton, Jim. 1999. Chinook Jargon: The Hidden Language of the Pacific Northwest.〕 It peaked in usage from approximately 1858 to 1900, and declined as a result of the Spanish Flu, World War I and residential schools.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Can We Still Speak Chinook? - The Tyee )〕 After European contact, the Jargon also acquired English and French loans, as well as words brought by other European, Asian, and Polynesian groups. Some individuals from all these groups soon adopted The Jargon as a highly efficient and accessible form of communication. This use continued in some business sectors well into the 20th century〔''Early Vancouver'', Maj. J.S. "Skit" Matthews, City of Vancouver, 1936.〕 and some of its words continue to feature in company and organization names as well as in the regional toponymy. In the Diocese of Kamloops, British Columbia, hundreds of speakers also learned to read and write the Jargon using Duployan shorthand via the publication ''Kamloops Wawa''. As a result, the Jargon also had the beginnings of its own literature, mostly translated scripture and classical works, and some local and episcopal news, community gossip and events, and diaries.〔 Novelist and early Native American activist Marah Ellis Ryan (1860?-1934) used Chinook words and phrases in her writing.〔''Squaw Elouise'', Chicago; New York: Rand, McNally, 1892; ''Told in the Hills'', Chicago; New York: Rand, McNally, 1891, 1905.〕 In Oregon, Chinook Jargon was widely used by Indians, trappers, traders, employees of the Hudson's Bay Company, missionaries, and pioneers who came across the Oregon Trail from the 1830s-1870s. In Portland’s first half century (1840s-1890s) there were frequent trade interactions between pioneers and Native Americans. After about 1900, when such daily interactions were less frequent, Jargon was spoken among pioneer families to prove how early they arrived out west. Many Oregonians used Jargon in casual conversation--to add humor, whimsy or emphasis and to exhibit deep knowledge of Oregon’s history. Though traditions of speaking Jargon faded away among the non-Native population, some of Oregon's tribal groups continued speaking Chinook Jargon, though usage was diminished. However, a strong revival occurred with the Confederated Tribes of the Grand Ronde Community of Oregon's 2012 "Chinuk Wawa" dictionary. According to Nard Jones, Chinook Jargon was still in use in Seattle until roughly the eve of World War II, especially among the members of the Arctic Club, making Seattle the last city where the language was widely used. Writing in 1972, he remarked that at that later date "Only a few can speak it fully, men of ninety or a hundred years old, like Henry Broderick, the realtor, and Joshua Green, the banker."〔. Quotation is from p. 97.〕 Jones estimates that in pioneer times there were about 100,000 speakers of Chinook Jargon.〔Jones, ''op. cit.'', p. 97.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「chinook jargon」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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